History is a liberal arts subject and requires everyone to remember a lot of knowledge points. Summarizing the knowledge points together is more helpful for memory. The following are the knowledge points I have compiled about the must-read knowledge points before the 2022 College Entrance Examination History Test. Welcome to read!

The must-read knowledge points before the 2022 College Entrance Examination History Test

1 , Enfeoffment system

Purpose: to consolidate national power

Contents: ①The objects of enfeoffment-the royal family, heroes, and nobles of the past generations, ②The obligations of the enfeoffed person-obey the orders of the King of Zhou, Guard the territory, follow in battles, pay tribute, and perform pilgrimages to report on duties. ③Rights of the ennobled - Hereditary positions, appointment of officials, establishment of armed forces, conscription of taxes and servitude.

Function: ① Strengthened Emperor Zhou’s jurisdiction over local areas. ② Expanded the ruled area and developed remote areas; ③ Formed a political structure that favored the Zhou royal family; ④ Zhou became a powerful country that lasted for hundreds of years. However, the vassal states had considerable independence, which posed the hidden danger of separatism and separatism.

2. Patriarchal system

Definition: Patriarchal system is a social system that maintains political hierarchy and consolidates rule based on the closeness of patrilineal blood relationships.

Features: eldest son inheritance system

The relationship between the patriarchal system and the feudal system: the feudal system and the patriarchal system are the two pillars of the Western Zhou political system, and they are mutually reinforcing.

Impact: The patriarchal system ensures the political monopoly and privileged status of the nobility, and is also conducive to the stability and unity within the ruling group. (Summary of high school history knowledge points)

Characteristics of China’s early political system: patriarchal system as the core, with a strong tribal flavor.

3. The unification of Qin:

In 221 BC, Qin destroyed the six kingdoms, and King Yingzheng of Qin established the first unified, centralized feudal authoritarian state in Chinese history. Country - Qin Dynasty.

4. The formation of the authoritarian centralized political system of the Qin Dynasty

Contents: ① Establish the title of "Emperor" and establish the emperor system. The emperor has overall political, economic, and military power in the country, and the emperor appoints and removes major officials from the central to local governments.

② Set up the central official system of Sangong and Nine Ministers: Prime Minister - to help the emperor handle national political affairs; Yushi Dafu - to supervise hundreds of officials; Taiwei - responsible for national military affairs.

③ Implement the county system in the local area: the chief of the county is the governor, and the chief of the county is called the county magistrate or county magistrate, and they are all directly appointed and removed by the emperor. (Summary of high school history knowledge points)

Influence: It consolidated the unity of the country, promoted social stability and economic and cultural development, established the basic pattern of China’s political system for more than two thousand years, and exerted a great influence on the Chinese nation. formed an important role.

Negative effects: Strengthening the oppression of the people can easily lead to tyranny and intensify class conflicts.

5. Measures taken by the Qin Dynasty to consolidate unification:

① Promulgate Qin laws and unify decrees; ② Unify currency, weights and measures; ③ Unify writing; ④ Build Chidao and Lingqu; ⑤ Build the Great Wall; organize immigration.

The reason for the demise of the Qin Dynasty was Qin's tyranny

6. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty strengthened centralization of power

Background: In the early Han Dynasty, the prefectures and states were parallel, and kingdom problems arose

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Measures: Emperor Jing of the Han Dynasty put down the "Rebellion of the Seven Kingdoms"; Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty implemented the Tuen Order

Function: Solved the problem of the kingdom, strengthened the centralization of power, and consolidated and developed the situation of great unification.

From the end of the Tang Dynasty to the Five Dynasties, the situation of feudal separatism appeared (summary of high school history knowledge points)

7. Strengthening of centralization in the early Song Dynasty

Measures: ① Military : A glass of wine releases the military power, relieves the military power of the generals in the DPRK and local military envoys; strengthens the imperial army and strengthens the weak branches. ② Administratively: appoint civil servants as local governors; set up general magistrates to be responsible for supervision. ③Economically: A small part of local taxes is used as local expenditure, and the rest is controlled by the central government.

Impact: ① Strengthened the central government’s control over local areas and eliminated the phenomenon of separatist rule among feudal lords and towns. ② It resulted in redundant officials, redundant soldiers and redundant expenses, laying the root of "poverty and weakness".

8. The Tang Dynasty implemented a system of three provinces and six ministries

The central government of the Tang Dynasty established Zhongshu Province, Menxia Province and Shangshu Province, which were respectively responsible for decision-making, deliberation and implementation. The chief officials of the three provinces are all prime ministers, which disperses the power of the prime ministers. The Shangshu Province consists of six departments: officials, households, rituals, soldiers, punishments, and work, establishing and improving the management system of three provinces and six departments.

9. The Yuan Dynasty implemented the provincial system

Background: Unprecedented territory expansion

Overview: The central government established Zhongshu Province; the local government established ten provinces and the Xuanzheng Yuan Jurisdiction

Meaning: Strengthened jurisdiction over the entire country; strengthened centralization of power and consolidated unity. It was the beginning of China's provincial system and had a profound impact on later generations.

(Summary of high school history knowledge points)

10. Changes in the system of selecting and employing officials

Dynasty system

Han Dynasty inspection system

Nine-level Zhongzheng system in the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties

Imperial examination system in the Sui, Tang, Song and Qing dynasties

11. Strengthening of the autocratic monarchy in the Ming and Qing Dynasties

Taizu of the Ming Dynasty adjusted the central and local governments The official system strengthens centralization of power: ① Abolish the prime minister and establish six ministries; abolish the provinces and establish three departments. ②The establishment of the cabinet. Essence: It is the product of strengthening the monarchy.

Emperor Yongzheng of the Qing Dynasty established the Military Aircraft Department (upload and issue) - the development of the monarchy system reached its peak

2022 College Entrance Examination History Test Points

1. Politics: Ming and Qing Dynasties Strengthening of the autocratic monarchy

1. The Ming Dynasty strengthened the autocratic imperial power

(1) Abolition of the Prime Minister: Taizu of the Ming Dynasty abolished Zhongshu Province, abolished the Prime Minister, and personally took charge of the six ministries to directly manage national affairs, marking the As the autocratic imperial power developed to a new height, the prime minister system was abolished.

(2) Establishing a cabinet: Taizu of the Ming Dynasty established a grand master of the palace, but he did not participate in decision-making. Ming Chengzu formally established a cabinet. The cabinet is an internal body that provides advisors to the emperor, and is a product of the strengthening of the monarchy.

(3) Improve the supervision system: There is a Metropolitan Procuratorate and a Supervisory Censor at the central level, and there are thirteen patrol censors and provincial prosecutors' departments for punishment and punishment at the local level.

(4) Implement spy rule: set up special agencies such as Jinyiwei and Dongchangxichang, which are above the law and judicial organs and directly serve the imperial power.

(5) Reform of local administrative structures: abolish provinces and establish three departments. The departments of Proclamation and Administrative Envoys, the Department of Punishment and Prosecution, and the Department of Capital Command and Envoys were established at the local level, respectively in charge of civil affairs, justice, and military affairs, thus strengthening the central government's direct control over the local areas.

(6) Cultural autocracy: implement stereotyped writing to recruit scholars and strengthen ideological control.

2. The Qing Dynasty’s autocratic imperial power reached its peak

(1) Establishment of the Military Aircraft Department: It was first established during the Yongzheng period to handle urgent military affairs in the northwest. Afterwards, his powers were continuously expanded, and the minister of military aircraft could participate in handling confidential government affairs, but he could only kneel down and take notes. This was an important sign of the high development of autocratic imperial power.

(2) Strengthen ideological control: implement stereotyped writing to recruit scholars and create a "literary prison", making ideological autocracy even more cruel.

3. Characteristics and impact of the strengthening of the monarchical autocratic system in the Ming and Qing dynasties

(1) Characteristics

① Both inheritance and development. For example, the supervisory system, the official selection system, and the provincial system all reflect the characteristics of inheritance; while the establishment of the cabinet and the military aircraft department is a new development.

②The absolute monarchy has been strengthened as never before. It is mainly reflected in the formulation of the "Da Ming Code", the strengthening of the spy rule, the implementation of the eight-legged essay recruiting, the establishment of the Military Aircraft Department and the harshness of the "Literary Prison".

③Reflects the characteristics of the times. The autocratic monarchy gradually reached its peak and became reactionary, reflecting the characteristics of the times when my country's feudal system was gradually declining.

(2) Impact

①Positive: conducive to the development and consolidation of multi-ethnic countries; conducive to maintaining national unity and territorial integrity; able to effectively organize human, material and Financial resources can carry out large-scale economic construction and production activities; it is conducive to the integration of ethnic groups; it is conducive to economic and cultural exchanges in various regions.

② Negative: Economically, it restricts the development of social productive forces and hinders the development of the commodity economy and the bud of capitalism; Politically, it intensifies social contradictions; Ideologically and culturally, it makes intellectuals lose touch with reality and hinders Scientific and technological innovation and cultural progress.

2. Economy: The development and sluggishness of the farming economy in the Ming and Qing Dynasties

1. Agricultural production

(1) Farming technology: Crop planting forms a multi-cropping system. Cultivate new varieties of crops and introduce high-yielding crops such as corn and sweet potatoes.

(2) Agricultural works: The "Agricultural Policy Complete Book" written by Xu Guangqi reflects the level of agricultural science and technology at that time.

(3) Tenancy relationship: further development, which is related to the increase in population and the prominent contradiction between man and land, and the dependence of tenant farmers on landlords has further weakened.

2. Handicraft production

(1) Production method: After the middle of the Ming Dynasty, the private handicraft industry surpassed the government-run handicraft industry and occupied a dominant position.

(2) The emergence of manual workshops and wage labor, and the emergence of capitalism. Free labor markets emerged in areas with developed textile industries.

3. Development of commerce

(1) Monetary economy: With the expansion of commodity circulation, a large amount of silver is used in society, commercial capital becomes increasingly active, and long-distance trafficking trade flourishes.

(2) Commercialization of agricultural products: The planting area of ​​cotton, tea, sugar cane, dyes and other cash crops has expanded and entered the market in large quantities.

(3) Industrial and commercial towns: In the middle and late Ming Dynasty, a large number of industrial and commercial towns emerged along the canal and in the south of the Yangtze River. Close ties with surrounding rural areas have promoted the commercialization of agricultural products and accelerated social division of labor.

(4) Business gangs: The regional merchant group grew, and long-distance trafficking trade developed rapidly, forming business gangs such as Huizhou merchants and Shanxi merchants.

(5) Regional division of labor: the formation and emergence of regional commercial centers; markets in various regions are closely connected, and the trend of regional division of labor appears.

(6) Foreign trade: Among legitimate Sino-foreign trade, China’s foreign trade occupies a dominant position.

(7) Reform of taxes and levies: First, the taxes and levies were combined and levied; second, monetary taxes were used to replace physical taxes.

4. Economic policy

(1) The policy of emphasizing agriculture and suppressing business: The long-term economic policy implemented by China’s feudal society has hindered the development of budding capitalism.

(2) "Sea Ban" in the Ming Dynasty: Taizu of the Ming Dynasty stipulated that people were not allowed to go to sea to trade with foreign countries without authorization, and foreign trade could only be carried out under official auspices.

(3) The Qing Dynasty was closed to the outside world: only Guangzhou was opened for foreign trade, and the Guangzhou "Thirteen Banks" chartered by the government unified foreign trade.

3. Culture: The ideological culture that inherited the past and initiated the new in the Ming and Qing Dynasties

1. Thought

(1) Wang Yangming’s philosophy of mind: He believes that "conscience" is "Original mind" is "reason", which advocates overcoming selfish desires and "developing conscience".

(2) Li Zhi's "heretical" thoughts: he advocated breaking the superstition of Confucius, believed that everyone is selfish, and advocated individual freedom. < /p>

Gu Yanwu

proposed that "everyone is responsible for the rise and fall of the world"; he advocated practical application of the world

Wang Fuzhi

proposed that "the principles are in the Qi" ", fully affirming people's selfish instincts; possessing simple dialectical thinking

(4) Evaluation of progressive thoughts during the Ming and Qing Dynasties

①Positiveness: caused an impact on the autocratic monarchy , which provides profound enlightenment to the people of later generations; adapts to the requirements of the development of commodity economy and the budding era of capitalism; injects new vitality into traditional Confucianism, and has the historical progress of emancipating the mind.

②Limitations: The germination of capitalism is weak, early democratic ideas do not occupy a dominant position, cannot shake the mainstream status of Confucianism, and cannot cause changes in China's social structure.

2. Scientific and technological achievements

(1) The glory of traditional science and technology

①Medicine: "Compendium of Materia Medica" systematically summarizes the pharmacology of China before the 16th century Achievement.

②Agriculture: "The Encyclopedia of Agricultural Politics" systematically summarizes the experience of past dynasties and reaches the pinnacle of traditional agricultural science and technology.

(2) Modern technology has not been produced and it has gradually fallen behind compared with the West.

3. Literature and Art

(1) Literature: During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, novel creation entered a stage of vigorous development. "Romance of the Three Kingdoms", "Water Margin", "Journey to the West" and "Dream of Red Mansions" are the most famous.

(2) Opera: From the mid-Ming Dynasty to the mid-Qing Dynasty, Kun Opera flourished and was known as the "ancestor of all operas". During the Qianlong period of the Qing Dynasty, four major Anhui troupes came to Beijing to perform performances, and they were inclusive and formed Peking Opera, which is known as the "quintessence of China".

(3) Painting and calligraphy: Literati paintings that emphasize individuality, pay attention to borrowing objects to express emotions, and pursue charm and interest have outstanding achievements. Representative freehand paintings that reflect the style of literati painting include "Peony, Banana and Stone Picture" by Xu Wei in the Ming Dynasty and "Molan Picture" by Zheng Banqiao in the Qing Dynasty.

Tips for answering college entrance examination history questions

1. Reading materials: Summarize the meaning of the material (may have one meaning, or several meanings); connect textbook knowledge through keywords such as time and characters, Lock textbook-related content.

2. Question: Look at "show", "embody", "cause", "purpose", "influence", etc.

3. Take a multi-pronged approach and try different methods

Filtering method: According to the review question, clarify the basic requirements of the question, and filter the four options one by one according to the basic requirements until Find the right option.

Key breakthrough method: After determining the keywords in the question review, if you have a clear understanding of the historical facts related to the keywords, you do not need to consider each option one by one, but directly determine the correct answer.

Guessing method: If you do not have a clear understanding of each option and cannot determine the correct option, you can use the guessing method. The following rules apply when guessing: Under normal circumstances, if the option exceeds the scope of textbook knowledge or the scope of the curriculum, then is an error.

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