The system of each dynasty and period is adapted to the current situation at that time.

Land is the most important resource for ancient Chinese people to thrive. Lu Simian believes that in the primitive era, everything including land was owned by the clan, and people "could only work together to deal with things, and never fight over things."

After the emergence of the state, the communal land ownership system of clans in primitive society gradually evolved into the state-owned land system, or the "king-owned system", of which the well-field system was more typical. It is a state-owned land system (actually the land is privately owned by the emperor of Zhou). It stipulates that: all land is owned by the king of Zhou; the princes who receive the land can enjoy it from generation to generation and cannot be transferred or sold; tribute must be paid to the king of Zhou; slaves farm the well fields collectively . On the one hand, the well-field system originated from the clan's public land ownership system and has the characteristics of state-owned land. It is highlighted by the fact that the king has ownership of the country's land, while other nobles and slave owners at all levels only have the right to use the land but not ownership, and they cannot transfer or buy it at will. land. On the other hand, the well-field system has the characteristics of transition from public ownership of land to private ownership of land. In the middle of the Western Zhou Dynasty, land transactions had already occurred among nobles, which meant that the nobles had a certain degree of land ownership.

During the Spring and Autumn Period, Qi State’s “Long-land Taxation” refers to the collection of taxes based on the amount of land and the quality of the land. Lu State’s “Initial Tax Mu” implemented taxation on a per-acre basis, and they no longer differentiated between public land and public land. , private land, all promote the transformation of land from state ownership to private ownership. During the Spring and Autumn Period, with the use of iron tools and the promotion of cattle farming, joint or collective labor became less important than before, and individual independent operations began to appear and develop.

During the Warring States Period, Qin Xiaogong of the Qin State appointed Shang Yang for development and prosperity, and implemented the Shang Yang Reform of "abolition of well fields, opening of roads, and granting land to the people", which marked the complete collapse of the well field system and the feudal landlords. Private ownership of land is established in law. From then on, China ushered in a feudal society and began the periodic turmoil and rise of dynasties.

1. Landlord land ownership from the Qin and Han Dynasties to the middle of the Tang Dynasty. The Qin Dynasty implemented private ownership of land and paid taxes per mu. At that time, land annexation was serious, and farmers were burdened with heavy corvee and heavy taxes.

The Western Han Dynasty implemented a household registration system. People who were officially registered in the government household registration (registered households) were responsible for taxes, corvees, and military service according to their assets. The burdens of farmers in the Han Dynasty mainly included land rent (lighter), population Taxes (heavier, including calculation tax and oral tax), Gengfu (money for servants), miscellaneous taxes, and handymen. After entering the Han Dynasty, the previous land system in which "public land" and "private land" coexisted, and both "private land" could be bought and sold, continued. During the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, in response to the serious land annexation situation, Dong Zhongshu put forward the suggestion of "restricting private land occupation", which advocated restricting private land occupation and inhibiting mergers and acquisitions by wealthy individuals. This suggestion was close to the ancient well-field system, which allowed farmers to own land more evenly, but Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty did not adopt it. After Wang Mang usurped the Han Dynasty, he nominally implemented the king field system, but in fact restored the well field system. After Emperor Guangwu of the Eastern Han Dynasty came to the throne, he abolished the land policy promoted by Wang Mang and implemented "land transfer" in the 15th year of Jianwu. He ordered states and counties to inventory the number of fields owned by the people, their household registrations, and their age, in order to restrict the powerful and wealthy people from annexing land. And the number of slaves and maidservants can also facilitate the collection of taxes and labor. During the Eastern Han and Cao Wei dynasties, the farming system was implemented in which land ownership was owned by the feudal state. This system made full use of the military and civilians to reclaim and cultivate wasteland, and better achieved the purpose of guarding the border and ensuring military supplies. During the Western Jin Dynasty, the farmland system was destroyed, and a land occupation system was implemented that allowed farmers to occupy wasteland. The implementation of the land occupation system was ostensibly to limit the annexation of land, but in fact it protected the vested interests of the bureaucrats and nobles.

During the Northern Wei Dynasty, the government implemented the equalization system of allocating land controlled by the feudal state to farmers. Some farmers could obtain land ownership after farming for a certain number of years.

During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, the equal land system was further developed. The Tang Dynasty established the "Lease Equalization, Rent and Regulation", which was based on the implementation of the land equalization system and implemented the tax and labor system of "if there is land, there will be rent, if there is a household, there will be regulation, and if there is a person, there will be tax". This system is not based on land, but on people, that is, "recognizing people but not land". It relies more on household registration and population survey management. At that time, a supporting "rural account" system was established, which stipulated that accounts should be compiled once a year (people Ding register), registration (household register) is created every three years. Qian Mu believed that the tax system of taxation and taxation was the best in Chinese history. In terms of light corvee and low taxation, the Tang Dynasty should be considered the best. However, in the long-term implementation, due to the failure to keep up with the accounting and household registration statistics, the cost of system implementation was too high, and the increase in cultivated land could not meet the needs of population growth. The contradiction between man and land was prominent, and land annexation was inevitable. After the "An-Shi Rebellion", it had to give up. this system.

Generally speaking, the feudal state intervened in land distribution during this period. On the one hand, it restricted land sales and land annexation, leaving landlords’ private ownership of land in an incomplete and unfree state of development at that time; on the other hand, the state Distribute land, develop small-scale peasant economy, actively cultivate self-cultivating farmers and cultivate tax sources. The land system generally shows the distinctive characteristics of the coexistence of "public land" and "private land", and the parallel development of land equalization by the state and annexation of land by aristocratic landowners.

2. Landlord land ownership from the middle of the Tang Dynasty to the Song and Yuan Dynasties. After the "An-Shi Rebellion", in order to alleviate the urgent financial needs of the country, Emperor Daizong of the Tang Dynasty issued an edict in the first year of the Dali calendar to levy taxes when the crops were young, instead of waiting for the autumn harvest as in the past. This was called "green crop money" in history, and was later divided into summer, Collection in autumn is the precursor to the implementation of the "Two Taxes Law".

In the first year of Emperor Dezong's founding in the Tang Dynasty, Prime Minister Yang Yan proposed to implement the Two Tax Law, that is, to replace the unsustainable rent-to-rent system with household tax and local tax, and to collect taxes twice a year in summer and autumn. Although the "Two Tax Law" has some shortcomings such as exacerbating the gap between the rich and the poor, benefiting business and harming agriculture, and has received mixed praise and criticism in history, it was not only used in the Song and Yuan Dynasties, but its influence continued until the Republic of China. An important watershed in ancient China's taxation and land system. On the one hand, the "Two Tax Law" followed the principle of "living within the means", reformed the system of land granting and rent collection in conjunction with rent modulation, and implemented a new system of collecting rent but not granting land. Since then, the country has become more Paying attention to fiscal and tax revenue but paying less attention to the fair distribution of land is tantamount to abandoning the policy of limiting and equalizing land, and also canceling the land occupation restrictions of landlords, allowing "private land" to develop and gradually occupy a dominant position. In the early Song Dynasty, Song Taizu changed the past policy of suppressing land annexation and implemented a relatively liberal land sales and private lending policy, which led to the continuous annexation of land by powerful landlords. The subsequent Wang Anshi Reform only temporarily suppressed the merger power of powerful landlords. On the other hand, during the implementation of the "Two Tax Law", practices such as "asset-based" and "recognizing land but not people" were implemented, which allowed the state to relax its control over farmers' personal status, which was conducive to the legalization of tenant farmers' identities. Chinese history It was at this time that the generalization of the tenancy system began. The universalization of the tenancy system created better conditions for the free development of landlord land ownership.

In general, during this period, the state’s restrictions on landlords’ land ownership were relaxed, land annexation intensified, landlord land ownership was relatively fully developed, and land ownership relied more on political power. With the shift to reliance on economic power, the tenancy relationship played an increasingly important role in social and economic life, gradually taking a dominant position in the relationship between landlords and farmers, and relatively complete private ownership of land began to be established.

3. Landowner land ownership in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. After the establishment of the Ming Dynasty, the founding emperor Zhu Yuanzhang combined innovation in land management with grassroots management and implemented the "yellow book", "fish scale book" and Lijia systems. The "Yellow Book" refers to the household registration book, and the "Yellow Book" refers to the land book. Without taking into account the changes in specific technical methods during the period, these two books were still used until the Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China. The Lijia system is a form of grassroots organization. Each Lijia is actually a grassroots organization or cooperative community with a strong sense of collective identity. It is responsible for public affairs such as tax collection, social education, grassroots governance, and administrative management. functions. These three major systems cooperate and complement each other, forming an effective mechanism that is highly integrated with the household registration system, land system, tax system, and grassroots social governance, and can achieve multiple goals. However, the effective operation of these systems is predicated on a static and relatively closed grassroots society. With social and economic development, population mobility and frequent land transactions, rigid management systems appear increasingly out of touch. After the mid-Ming Dynasty, the taxation and servitude system based on the Lijia system became entrenched, and the various types of corvée services that the people endured became increasingly heavy. The country's fiscal capacity continued to decrease, and the finances became increasingly unable to make ends meet. In order to ensure the state's taxes and servitude, many officials proposed the "One Whip Law" proposal, that is, merging taxes and servitude into one, merging Ding (population service) and grain (field rent), and shifting the focus of collection from households to acres. . In the ninth year of Wanli, Zhang Juzheng, with the support of Ming Shenzong, began to implement the "One Whip Method" across the country. After the reform, the Lijia system was no longer needed for the collection of taxes and levies, and the social order of "drawing land as a prison" gradually declined. Farmers had more personal freedom and career choices, which promoted the development of industry, commerce and commodity production, and promoted the household tax to the land tax. transition from physical taxes to monetary taxes.

In the early Qing Dynasty, the "One Whip Method" of the Ming Dynasty was nominally continued. In fact, the "One Whip Method" + Ding Yin was implemented. Dingyin levies taxes on people, regardless of their wealth or poverty, which is an obvious social injustice. In order to properly solve this problem and consolidate the rule of the Qing Dynasty, Yongzheng implemented the reform measure of "divide every ding into an acre" on the basis of pilot projects in various places. be collected together. "Dividing a person into an acre" changed the tax that was previously levied partly on a per-capita basis to a levy on an acre basis, which was equivalent to the implementation of a complete land-acre tax and solved the long-standing problem of chaotic taxes and servitudes in one fell swoop. Since people are no longer the object of taxation, the government has relaxed its control on population. Farmers can move freely around the country. Land leasing and buying and selling transactions are more active, which promotes the private ownership of feudal land and the development of urban industry and commerce. The number of "absentee landlords" increasing day by day.

In general, during this period, the land management system continued to innovate, the land market transactions were active, and the tenancy relationship was developed. The permanent tenancy rights, which are characterized by the separation of land ownership and land use rights, became increasingly common. With the epidemic, the state pays more attention to the use of economic means such as tax policies to adjust the relationship between the state and landlords, landlords and farmers, creating a relatively relaxed environment for the development of small and medium-sized landlords and private land ownership.

3． Semi-colonial and semi-feudal society (modern times)

(1) Peasant class: The "Celestial Land Acquisition System" promulgated by the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom in 1853

Contents: Abolition of the land ownership system of the feudal landlord class, based on population and age Distribute the land equally and establish the "Kingdom of Heaven on Earth".

(2) National bourgeoisie: the people's livelihood principle proposed by Sun Yat-sen in the Revolution of 1911 and the people's livelihood principle re-interpreted by Sun Yat-sen in 1924

Contents: average land rights-validation of national land prices, existing The land value belongs to the original owner, and the land price that increased after the revolution belongs to the state and is enjoyed by the people, so that "every family has enough." It is the capitalist agrarian program. In 1924, the content of "controlling capital" was added.

(3) The land policy of the Communist Party of China (proletariat)

① Ten years of confrontation between the Communist Party of China and the Communist Party of China: attacking the local tyrants to divide their fields, abolishing feudal exploitation and feudalism Debt (confiscating land from landlords and distributing it to peasants, establishing peasant land ownership).

② During the Anti-Japanese War: Landlords reduced rent and interest, and farmers paid rent and interest (the land ownership system of landlords was not changed, but the exploitation of farmers by landlords was restricted).

③ During the War of Liberation: Rely on poor peasants and farm laborers, unite with middle peasants, eliminate the land system of feudal exploitation in a step-by-step and differentiated manner, confiscate land from landlords, and implement a land system of land to the tiller. According to the average rural population Allocate land.

4. New China (Modern)

(1) 1950 - the end of 1952: The feudal landlord land ownership system was abolished and farmers' land ownership system was implemented (private ownership of land was not changed).

(2) 1953-1956: By establishing mutual aid groups, developing primary agricultural production cooperatives, and establishing advanced agricultural production cooperatives, land and other major means of production were transformed from private ownership to public ownership, and collective management was implemented (Agricultural cooperative movement or socialist transformation of agriculture).

(3) 1958: Agricultural production cooperatives were merged and expanded to increase the degree of public ownership (the people’s commune movement did not change the nature of public ownership of land).

(4) Since the reform and opening up: On the premise of adhering to public ownership of land, contract management of land has been implemented. Changes in business management and distribution methods.