In all agricultural departments, machinery is used to the maximum extent to replace hand tools for production. One of the basic contents of agricultural modernization, such as in planting, Tractors, seeders, harvesters, power irrigation and drainage machines, motor vehicles, etc. are used to carry out various operations such as land ploughing, sowing, harvesting, irrigation, field management, transportation, etc., so that the whole production process is mainly completed by mechanical power and electricity, rather than by manpower and animal power. Realizing agricultural mechanization can save labor, reduce labor intensity and improve agricultural labor productivity. Enhance the ability to overcome natural disasters.
The use of machines is a basic feature of modern agriculture, which plays an important role in utilizing resources, resisting natural disasters, popularizing modern agricultural technology, promoting agricultural intensive management, increasing unit yield and total output, improving agricultural labor productivity, reducing the cost of agricultural products, and reducing the labor intensity of farmers and narrowing the difference between workers and peasants. Under socialist conditions, It is also an important material basis for urban-rural cooperation and the alliance of workers and peasants.
Agricultural mechanization began after capitalism invaded agriculture. Its development in Europe and America has generally gone through three stages: ① semi-mechanization stage, generally from the middle of 19th century to the end of the leaf, characterized by the extensive use of simple agricultural machinery drawn by animal power in agricultural production; ② basic mechanization stage, generally from the early 2th century to the 195s, characterized by the widespread use of agricultural machinery drawn by tractors in the main operations of main crops; ③ comprehensive mechanization (or high mechanization) stage, which began in the 195s. Since the' 8s, more advanced agricultural machinery has been widely used in all aspects of agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery, as well as in prenatal and postnatal departments. Since the 198s, due to the increasing application of computers in agriculture, agricultural mechanization is developing towards automation. Only after the Second World War did countries and regions in the third world begin to use agricultural machinery to varying degrees. However, due to political, economic and technical difficulties, Up to now, the level of mechanization in most countries (regions) is still low.
Agricultural mechanization has brought about great changes in agricultural production in China. During the semi-colonial and semi-feudal period, China's agricultural production tools were extremely backward, which was one of the important reasons for the very low level of agricultural productivity at that time. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, with the development of socialist industrialization and the realization of agricultural cooperation, agricultural mechanization started from scratch, from little to many. Remarkable achievements have been made. Up to now, although agricultural production in most areas is still dominated by human and animal power, agricultural machinery has become an important part of agricultural productivity.
Since 1978, agricultural mechanization in China has entered a new development period and is forming a development path suitable for China's national conditions. Its basic points are as follows: ① agricultural mechanization is based on improving economic benefits. Pay attention not only to increasing output and saving labor, but also to increasing farmers' income. ② Determine the development speed of agricultural mechanization according to the national conditions and national strength, which is suitable for the situation of industry, energy, science and technology, capital and labor arrangement. ③ For a long period of time, Agricultural production should combine manpower, animal power, mechanical power and electric power, as well as improved farm tools, semi-mechanized machines and modern agricultural machines. ④ Agricultural mechanization serves the all-round development of agriculture and the comprehensive management of agriculture, industry and commerce, and its scope includes not only planting, but also forestry, animal husbandry, sideline production and fishing, as well as pre-production (such as seed processing and feed preparation) and post-production (such as agricultural product processing, refrigeration, warehousing and packaging) It also includes rural construction and farmers' life, etc. ⑤ The operation project of agricultural mechanization is not in a hurry, and priority should be given to the links that have obvious effects on increasing production and income and can reduce the labor intensity and labor intensity in busy farming; Do not insist on uniformity in the region, and take a step ahead where the support conditions are good. ⑤ Agricultural mechanization should be combined with other agricultural technology policies, not only to serve the promotion of advanced modern agricultural technology, but also to adapt to the inheritance of excellent traditional technologies, thus establishing China's own agricultural machinery system. ⑤ Agricultural machinery products are mainly small, large and medium-sized, with the principle of low price, high quality, low energy consumption and convenient use and repair. Pay special attention to the development of small hydropower stations in rural areas. ⑨ Properly arrange the way out for the labor saved in the process of mechanization. ⑩ The ownership and operation forms of agricultural machinery are diversified to adapt to the new situation of rural economy after the implementation of the contract system of joint production. Agricultural machinery can be owned by individual farmers in addition to the collective and the state. In terms of operation forms, it can be self-employed, farmers' partnership and farmers' contracted management. And the establishment of agricultural machinery services (teams, stations and companies) by the state or cooperative distribution organizations. Pay attention to the intellectual investment in agricultural mechanization and cultivate a large number of talents to meet the needs of agricultural mechanization development, and so on. Gradually realizing mechanization on the basis of collectivization in China is the fundamental way to develop agricultural productivity.
The development mode of agricultural machinery is different in different periods. During the collectivization period, large and medium-sized agricultural machinery * * has the means of production because of the production cooperation group in the form of people's commune. However, the land contract responsibility system began to privatize the means of production. During this period, small tractors developed rapidly because of their flexibility and low cost. With the improvement of economic development level and the decrease of agricultural population, the productivity advantages of large and medium-sized agricultural machinery began to appear, and agricultural machinery gradually developed towards large scale.
Taking large and medium-sized tractors and their supporting equipment as an example, After the downturn in the late stage of commune and the initial stage of land contract responsibility system, the growth rate of combine harvester was obviously accelerated around 2. < P > In 211, the comprehensive level of agricultural mechanization in China reached 54%. With the policy direction of "promoting agricultural technology integration, mechanization of labor process and informatization of production and operation" and "accelerating agricultural mechanization" in the Twelfth Five-Year Plan, With the policy goal of promoting the integration of agricultural machinery and agronomy and the comprehensive mechanization level of farming and harvesting reaching about 6%, China's agricultural machinery industry will face greater opportunities.
The development of agricultural machinery is directly related to the economic conditions of the country and rural areas. In economically developed countries, especially in the United States, where there is little agricultural labor force, agricultural machinery continues to develop in the direction of large-scale, wide-range, high-speed and high productivity. On the basis of mechanization, it gradually transits to automation of production process. Various advanced scientific technologies, such as electronic technology and microcomputer technology, have been increasingly widely used in agricultural machinery products and their design and manufacture. In the animal husbandry industry, especially the chicken industry, it has entered the stage of factory continuous production, and the closed henhouse with automatic microclimate control is a new development of animal husbandry machinery.
In field operation machinery, Automatic control devices that combine hydraulic and electrical control, or directly use electrical or electromagnetic control, have been applied, such as the lifting control of the harvesting table on the grain combine harvester and the stepless speed change of the reel, etc. There are more and more varieties of electronic monitoring instruments. Such as sowing uniformity monitor on seeder, grain loss monitor and drum rotation monitor on grain combine harvester, spray width and spray quantity monitor on sprayer, etc. Electronic technology is increasingly used in automatic grading of vegetables and fruits, automatic management of field irrigation and other mechanical equipment.
China still focuses on developing small and medium-sized agricultural machinery. The key development projects are high economic benefits, improving the ability to resist natural disasters, Agricultural machinery varieties to ensure stable and high yield and increase production and income, such as irrigation and drainage, plant protection and fertilization, will be greatly developed, such as various agricultural and sideline products processing machinery and livestock breeding machinery, as well as machinery and equipment such as beekeeping, sericulture, pond culture and edible fungi cultivation.
More and more attention has been paid to the energy saving of agricultural machinery and the development of various agricultural energy sources. The development trend is: ① improving the combustion process, recycling the heat of waste gas and cooling water, etc. to reduce the fuel consumption of internal combustion engines; ② using vegetable oil, alcohol and biogas to obtain fuel from agricultural and sideline products or rural wastes, and dual-fuel internal combustion engines that can change the fuel used; ③ using solar energy, geothermal energy and waste heat from thermal power plants to dry grains and other agricultural products, or using them in the heating system of greenhouses and poultry houses; ④ using wind power to generate electricity and lift water. < P > < P. fr=aladdin