(1) Characteristics of policy issues: The nature of policy issues, the diversity of policy object behaviors, the number of policy objects and the amount of behavioral adjustments they need, all directly affect the effective implementation of policies. Analyzing this issue will help policy implementers take different measures based on different problems and be targeted. ①The effectiveness of policy implementation is first and foremost closely related to the type and nature of the policy issues to be solved. The more complex the problem, the more difficult it is to execute. The more power relationships are touched during policy implementation, the more institutions and people are involved, the more ambitious the policy goals are, the greater the scope of interest relationships that need to be adjusted, and the higher the level of standardized technical operations, the more difficult it is to implement the policy. Generally speaking, comprehensive policies are more difficult to implement than partial policies; high-level policies are more difficult to implement than low-level policies. At the same level, policies that are both local in nature may have great differences in the difficulty of policy implementation due to the simplicity and complexity of the business content. ② The more types of behaviors of the target groups that the policy wants to regulate, the more difficult it is to formulate clear and unambiguous rules to constrain the behavior of the policy objects. In such a wide variety of situations, it is difficult to formulate correct and unified rules and standards. As a basis for supervision and inspection, the effectiveness of their implementation will inevitably be greatly compromised. ③The number of target groups involved in policy issues also affects the effectiveness of policy implementation. Generally speaking, the smaller the number of people involved in a policy and the clearer it is, the easier and more effective the policy implementation will be; conversely, the more difficult and ineffective the policy implementation will be. ④The amount of behavioral adjustment required by the target group due to policy issues also affects the effectiveness of policy implementation. Due to the influence of historical traditions, people have developed a set of behavioral orientations and patterns. They are often accustomed to a certain routine and tend to be conservative and sustainable. It is very difficult to comprehensively change this kind of thinking and behavior. Therefore, in order to achieve policy goals, the smaller the amount of adjustment required for the target group's behavior, the better. This will not cause resistance from personnel and is conducive to the effective implementation of the policy. (2) Factors in the policy itself. In the field of public administration, many policies fail to achieve the expected results and are faced with many difficulties in implementation, which are largely related to the defects of the policy itself. Therefore, analyzing how the policy itself affects policy implementation can help formulate more scientific and reasonable policies so that the policy can be effectively implemented. ①The correctness of the policy. The correctness of the policy is the fundamental prerequisite for its effective implementation. Correct policies conform to the objective laws of social development, represent the fundamental interests of the people, can promote social development, bring benefits to the people, can be recognized by the implementers, and supported by the policy objects, so they can be effectively implemented. On the contrary, policy implementation will inevitably be put on hold amid the passive coping and resistance of policy implementers and policy objects. The correctness of a policy requires, first of all, correct content and correct direction; secondly, it requires policy formulation to have a scientific theoretical basis, strict logical relationships, and scientific planning procedures. ②The specific clarity of the policy. The specific clarity of policy goals is the key to effective policy implementation, the basis for policy implementers' actions, and the basis for evaluation and control of policy implementation. For a policy to be successfully implemented, it must be specific and clear from an operational and technical perspective, that is, the policy plans and goals must be clear, and the policy measures and action steps must be clear. At the same time, the specificity of the policy also requires that the policy goals be realistic and achievable, and can be compared and measured. The completion of the policy goals must be within the scope of authority of the policy executor; the policy plan should point out the expected results. , and the deadline for completion must be clearly defined. In actual policy implementation, ambiguous and vague policies naturally make it impossible to implement, and can easily lead to unclear policy boundaries and arbitrary policy changes. ③Sufficiency of policy resources. No matter how specific and clear the policy is, if the institutions and personnel responsible for implementing the policy lack the necessary and sufficient resources for policy implementation, the implementation results will not achieve the expected policy goals. Therefore, policy programs need to involve specific provisions of policy resources. Generally speaking, policy resources mainly include financial resources, human resources, information resources and authoritative resources. (3) Factors other than policy: Factors that affect policy implementation include, in addition to the characteristics of the policy issue and the policy itself, factors such as target groups, policy implementation personnel, and communication and coordination among implementation agencies. ①The influence of target groups on policy implementation. Target groups refer to the objects directly affected by the policy. Whether a policy can achieve its intended purpose is not a matter of wishful thinking on the part of policy makers, nor is it something that policy implementers can completely decide. Rather, it depends to a large extent on the attitude of the target group. If the target group is compliant and accepts the policy, policy implementation will be successful; if the target group is disobedient and refuses to accept the policy, policy implementation will fail; if the target group only partially accepts the policy, it will also increase the difficulty of policy implementation. It can be seen that the degree of compliance and acceptance of the policy by the target group is one of the key factors affecting whether the policy can be effectively implemented. ②The quality and work attitude of the executive staff. Any policy must ultimately be implemented by its executors. The executor's recognition of the policy, investment in policy implementation, innovative spirit, responsibility for work, high policy level and management level are important conditions for the effective implementation of the policy. The deformation of policies in reality is, to a certain extent, caused by the low quality of policy implementers and ideological errors.

Policy implementers lack the necessary knowledge and abilities, cannot fully understand a certain policy, and cannot accurately grasp its spiritual essence, which leads to distortion, inappropriateness, and mistakes in the communication, publicity, and implementation of the policy. Especially in the period of social transformation, policy implementers have serious ideas of money worship, utilitarianism, and egotism. They often discount the implementation of national policies and even come up with various "countermeasures" to hinder the smooth implementation of policies. When the policy executor plays the dual role of policy object and executor, for the sake of local or personal interests, he will take advantage of the policy loopholes and engage in "policies from above and countermeasures from below", either hard support or soft drag on the policies from above. Or the execution is so-so. In addition, the policy level and management level of policy implementers directly affect the completion of policy tasks. If the implementers, especially the leaders, do not have the ability to grasp the essence of the policy, it will be difficult to obtain various resources required for policy implementation, fail to do a good job in publicity and guidance for policy implementation and formulate correct implementation plans, and fail to communicate and coordinate various relationships, making it difficult to implement policies effectively. It can be seen that improving the quality of policy implementers is crucial. ③Communication and coordination among executive agencies. a． Communication is the process of information exchange and transmission among organizational personnel at all levels during policy implementation. It is a method and procedure for obtaining a unified understanding of policy objectives and related issues. Effective communication is one of the important conditions for successful policy implementation. This is because: From the perspective of vertical communication, the policy standards of the superior agency itself are inanimate, and they must be disseminated to the executors through effective communication channels. The extent of the executor's support for the policy also depends on the superior agency's interpretation of the policy and the executor's understanding of the policy, and the superior agency's understanding of the implementation status can only be obtained through communication channels. From the perspective of horizontal communication, since the implementation of a policy often involves the division of labor and cooperation of many agencies and executives, differences, misunderstandings, estrangements and even conflicts will inevitably occur during their division of labor and cooperation, which requires effective communication. , exchange opinions and views with each other to bridge differences of opinion, eliminate misunderstandings and gaps, resolve conflicts, carry out mutual understanding and cooperation, and improve the efficiency of policy implementation. From the perspective of the relationship between the implementer and the target group, whether the target group accepts the policy and the degree of acceptance largely depend on the communication between them. Target groups are unlikely to spontaneously accept the policy. The executor must not only convey the policy instructions to the target groups through communication channels, but more importantly, the executor should explain to the target groups through communication channels the significance of the policy, the theoretical basis and historical background for formulating the policy, and the goals to be achieved by implementing the policy. The purpose is to let them understand and master the policy, so as to actively accept and implement the policy. b. Coordination is a way of behavior in which management organizations pursue their own unity and harmony, seek matching and adjustment of their own related factors, and collaborate and divide labor in order to successfully achieve policy goals. Coordination is also one of the conditions to ensure effective implementation of policies. Policy coordination can be divided into three levels: coordination within the executive agency, that is, the coordination between the executive departments at each level and among staff; coordination between executive agencies, including coordination between upper and lower-level executive agencies Coordination between executive and horizontal executive agencies; coordination between executive agencies and other agencies. ④Policy environment. The implementation of any policy will be affected and restricted by the social environment. A suitable environment is conducive to the effective implementation of policies, while an inappropriate environment hinders the smooth implementation of policies. Environmental factors that affect policy implementation mainly include political, economic, social and cultural and psychological environment.

This answer is recommended by Hu Haitian, a master of legal and regulatory classification