1. Reunification of Germany (1) Time and leaders In the 196s and 197s, William I and Bismarck. (2) the way, the central country Prussia, the dynasty war (three times, defeated Denmark, Austria and France). (3) The unification in 1871, the establishment of the mirror hall of the Palace of Versailles in Paris and the German Empire (the Second Reich) ended the fragmented situation. 2. Establishment of constitutional monarchy (1) Time and symbol In April 1871, the Constitution of the German Empire was promulgated. (2) Content ① State structure: federalism. It is composed of 22 states and 3 free cities. The empire holds military, diplomatic, customs and banking legislation rights, while the states retain some autonomy. 2 polity: constitutional monarchy. First, the executive power belongs to the German emperor: the emperor has great power, he is the head of state, commands the three armed forces, appoints the prime minister, and convenes and dissolves the parliament; The prime minister is the head of the cabinet, appointed by the emperor and responsible to the emperor rather than the parliament. He presides over the government work and has absolute power, and all cabinet ministers obey his leadership. Second, the legislative power belongs to the two-chamber parliament (the Federal Parliament and the Imperial Parliament): the Federal Parliament (the upper house) has great power, with representatives appointed by the monarchs of various States, and the speaker is the prime minister of the Empire, responsible for the examination and approval of laws; The Imperial Parliament (House of Commons) has little effect. It is elected according to the universal and equal electoral law. Although it has legislative power, any bill must be approved by the federal parliament and the emperor before it can take effect, and it has no administrative supervision power. 3. Evaluation of the German constitutional monarchy (1) Limitations have established the joint dictatorship of Junker nobles and bourgeoisie. Democratic constitutionalism is empty, monarchy is real, and Prussia's militaristic tradition has been continued, with a strong feudal and military color. It is an incomplete and imperfect representative system, which hinders the complete completion of the bourgeois democratic revolution. (2) Progressiveness marks the establishment of a bourgeois monarchy and marks Germany's entry into the capitalist period. Under its protection, Germany's capitalist economy developed rapidly, and by the end of the 19th century, Germany had become one of the world powers. The inquiry points out the similarities and differences between German constitutional monarchy and British constitutional monarchy, and analyzes the reasons. The British and German monarchs are unified and die, and the emperor is the actual head of state (internal affairs, foreign affairs, law, military affairs). The cabinet prime minister is only responsible to the parliament, and the cabinet prime minister is only responsible to the emperor. The lower house elected by universal suffrage in the parliament (two houses) has real power, and the upper house appointed by the monarch has little effect. The federal parliament (upper house) appointed by the state monarchs has real power, while the imperial parliament (lower house) elected by universal suffrage has little effect. Both of them are bourgeois democracies, but they all retain their monarchs. Explore and compare the similarities and differences between the French * * * peace system and the German constitutional monarchy. France * * * differs from Germany in constitutional monarchy in political system * * * and constitutional monarchy in the way that the head of state, the president and the emperor (power center) are elected. The hereditary parliament of the throne constitutes the power and status of the bicameral (Senate and House of Representatives) bicameral parliament (federal parliament and imperial parliament), which is the center of national politics. The cabinet is responsible to the Senate and the prime minister is only responsible to the emperor, and has absolute power in the cabinet. The emperor combined administrative and legislative powers, and the parliament was greatly restricted. The form of representative system is the separation of legislative, administrative and judicial powers, and the interests of the representative class all represent the fundamental interests of the bourgeoisie. Fourth, the significance of the establishment of bourgeois representative system in Europe and America (1) The establishment of the 187 s, the constitution was formulated through revolutionary war or peaceful reform, and the parliament was established. (2) Significance ① To put the European Enlightenment thoughts into practice from theory, to deny and replace the autocratic monarchy from the political system, and to become the top beam building of bourgeois democracy; (2) adjusting and easing social contradictions and stabilizing the ruling order of major capitalist countries; (3) it is beneficial to the development of capitalist economy in Europe; ④ It spread to Asia and other parts of the world, and had a wide influence. Summary: By the 197s, all the major capitalist countries in Europe and America had established the bourgeois representative system through revolutionary wars or reforms. Although the representative systems in Britain, America, France and Germany were different, they all embodied bourgeois democracy and led the trend of the times. The establishment of bourgeois democratic politics is conducive to stabilizing social order and easing social contradictions, thus ensuring the sustained prosperity of capitalist economy.