For a detailed introduction, please refer to the following:

The development of ancient houses in China

(1) The primitive and the last three generations, the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period (about 1,-4, years ago)

The houses in primitive society developed from crypts and semi-crypts into ground buildings with wooden bones and grass tops plastered with mud, although it was very simple.

The centers of Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties were basically in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River. Because this area belongs to the collapsible loess zone, the ancients invented rammed earth technology to prevent the foundation from collapsing. Because of its simple construction technology and easy to obtain materials, this technology has been passed down and developed and extended to this day. In addition, rammed earth technology can also be used to rammed abutments and tall walls to build tall buildings. The "Lutai" built by the last emperor of Shang Dynasty by Xin (Zhou Wang) may be the product of rammed earth technology. In addition, after archaeological discovery, the bronze wares unearthed in the Western Zhou Dynasty in Shaanxi Province have the image of using the forehead between columns and the bucket on the column, which shows that the main urban system of China ancient housing construction has emerged.

During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, after the rebellion of dogs and Rong and the relocation of Ping and Wang Dong, the kingship of Zhou Dynasty declined, and there appeared five tyrants in the Spring and Autumn Period and seven heroes in the Warring States Period. All the vassal states broke the etiquette system and built a large number of palaces. Because the construction technology at that time did not have the ability to build huge multi-storey pavilions, the "Taiwan Pavilion" came into being. The so-called "terrace" is based on stepped rammed earth, building houses layer by layer, and relying on the gradual rise of the earth platform, creating the impression effect of multi-storey pavilions. In addition, the edge of each layer of soil platform and the bottom of partition wall are fixed with transverse purlins, thus preventing collapse.

In addition, the use of tiles and floor tiles in the palace during the Warring States period has become increasingly mature, and tools with corresponding patterns have been made. As for the interior decoration of the palace, it is mainly decorated with vermilion floor and wall murals, and some pilasters and wall belts are also decorated with bronze and inlaid with jade ornaments, which makes the scenery extremely luxurious.

(2) Qin and Han Dynasties (221 BC-22 AD)

The King of Qin swept Liuhe and annexed the Eight Famines, and established the first feudal dynasty in China history, the Qin Dynasty. Then, he moved to Xianyang, a wealthy businessman in the world, modeled on the palaces of the six countries, and built the Epang Palace in Shanglinyuan, south of Weishui. According to the existing ruins of the Epang Qiandian, it is 1 meters long from east to west and 5 meters from north to south. "Historical Records" said: "There can be 1, people on the top, and five banners can be built on the bottom. Zhou Chi is a pavilion road, from his royal highness to Nanshan, which shows that the top of Nanshan is awkward. " After Xiang Yu entered the customs, he set it on fire. According to legend, the fire burned for three months.

During the Han Dynasty, although the war with Xiongnu in the north was continuous, and there were internal disputes of Wang Mang usurping the Han Dynasty, as the first powerful and stable centralized country in China, its architectural level and development history reached a peak. The most famous palaces are Changle, Weiyang and Jianzhang, which were built in the early Western Han Dynasty, and Changle Palace is the Xing Le Palace of Qin Dynasty. Weiyang Palace was the first palace built by the Han Dynasty. Jianzhang Palace was built in the first year of Emperor Wudi of the Han Dynasty. It has a greenhouse, a cool room, and a lake and a garden. Due to the large scale of the three palaces, the historical records are more detailed, so I won't go into details here because of the limitation of space. Although the palace buildings in the Han Dynasty are still dominated by terraces, their scale and structural form have been greatly improved compared with the past. Besides, a giant que is built outside the palace gate. The que is a symbolic decorative building built on both sides of palaces, temples or mausoleums and Shinto, which is similar to the archway in style, including stone and wood. In addition, there is a government treasury in the city.

There are no wooden structures in the Han Dynasty, but from the stone que and frescoes, three main forms of building in ancient China have all appeared: column beam type, teasing type and dense beam flat roof type. Especially on the stone gate, craftsmen carved columns, ledges, buckets, flying wings and roofs in imitation of wooden structures, which shows that the wooden construction technology in Han Dynasty is excellent. In addition, five typical roof styles of ancient buildings in China, namely, Fu Dian, Xieshan, Hanging Mountain, Hard Mountain and Cuanjian, were basically formed in the Han Dynasty.

(3) Wei, Jin and Southern and Northern Dynasties (AD 22-AD 59)

Wei, Jin and Southern and Northern Dynasties were the first period of great division in China's history, during which wars continued and dynasties changed frequently. During this period, ethnic minorities stepped onto the stage of China's history, and Xianbei unified the North and established the Northern Wei regime. Due to the social unrest during this period, there were many people who believed in Buddhism and prayed for blessings, so a large number of Buddhist temples and pagodas were built in the north and south. The Yongning Tower, which is located near Luoyang City, Henan Province, was built in the Northern Wei Dynasty. It has a wooden structure and is more than forty feet high, making it the highest wooden tower in China and even in the world. Due to the prevalence of Buddhism, the architectural style of this stage has also changed compared with the previous period, and the appearance has changed from solemn to streamlined. During this period, flying (the roof changed from straight line to upward curve), sumeru (evolved from Buddha's seat, generally used in advanced architectural palaces, main halls of altars and temples, and bases of towers and buildings) and shuttle columns have great influence on later buildings. In addition, the western culture spread from Hexi Corridor to the Central Plains through big stones during this period, which had a certain impact on the architecture of this period, for example, Yun Leiwen in the Han Dynasty was abandoned for architectural decoration and plant patterns were used instead.

(4) Sui, Tang, Five Dynasties, Song, Liao and Jin Dynasties (59-1279 AD)

The Tang Dynasty was the second peak of the development of ancient architecture in China, and the most famous during this period were Daming Palace and Xingqing Palace. In addition, the "Mingtang" built by Emperor Wu Zetian in Luoyang in the later Zhou Dynasty is square in plane, 86 meters high and 89 meters long; According to legend, it was only completed in October, which shows that there was a more scientific and reasonable design and construction organization in society at that time.

The Bukkoji Hall in Wutai Mountain, whose architecture has been preserved to this day in the Tang Dynasty, shows that the use of wooden structures, especially the bucket, has developed to a relatively perfect level, and the treatment of external decoration has also reached a unity of architectural art and technology. The "wing angle", a major feature of China ancient architecture, also came into being in this period.

There were few existing buildings in the Northern Song Dynasty, but the Riverside Scene at Qingming Festival painted by Zhang Zeduan provided an important basis for the architectural style at that time. In addition, the Northern Song Dynasty compiled the first building code in the history of China-Building Rules, a 34-volume book, in which * * * mentioned the stone-making system, the big-wood-making system, the Joinery Work system, the tile-making system and the color painting system, with illustrations. In the selection of doors and windows, grilles appeared at this stage, thus replacing the board doors and straight lattice windows before the Tang Dynasty.

(5) Yuan, Ming, Qing and Period (1279-1912)

In 1267, Yuan Dynasty built Dadu City (now Beijing) on the northeast Ping Ye of Jindu. The designer of this city was Guo Shoujing, a Han Chinese. Dadu was the last newly-built capital in China in ancient times, and it was also the only capital created according to the lane system.

The Ming Dynasty was the third peak of the development of ancient architecture in China. The government set up the Ministry of Industry, and the main leaders were called Shangshu and Assistant Minister. His job is to take charge of royal and national architecture. In addition to the grandeur of the single building, the buildings in the Ming Dynasty also made the courtyard layout the most efficient. For example, the construction of Beijing City was based on the central axis, passing through the main entrance and main hall of the imperial city, and ending with the bell and drum tower in the north of the imperial city. In addition, the yamen is located in front of the Imperial City and the ancestral temple respectively, and the two altars of heaven and earth are arranged in the theory of "far south and far north". The rest of the houses, temples and even warehouses are all well planned, showing great momentum.

palaces in the Ming dynasty were all made of the above nanmu, with the design module of Doukou as a single building, and the appearance was made of red walls, yellow tiles and white terraces, which had a unique style compared with previous dynasties.

One of the main architectural achievements of the Qing Dynasty is gardens, and the three mountains and five gardens in the western suburbs of Beijing and the summer resort are excellent evidences. In addition, folk gardening was also popular at that time, and merchants of all sizes in the south, especially grain transporters and salt vendors, had their luxurious gardens.

the political and social system of the Qing dynasty continued to that of the Ming dynasty. in 1733, the Ministry of Qing dynasty promulgated the code of engineering practices, which was higher in standard than the code of construction in the song dynasty, and was conducive to a large number of prefabrication and ensured the unified coordination of buildings. In particular, the improvement of the standard level plays an important role in accelerating the progress of the project. However, in terms of single buildings, the Qing Dynasty did not have its unique development except for renovating and repairing the original large-scale houses in the former Ming Dynasty. After 184, with the opening of the country by western invaders, western architecture was also introduced, but as a whole, most of them were flashy and boastful, and failed to get its essence, so they were eventually buried in the wheel of history with the end of the Westernization Movement.

second, the basic features of China's ancient buildings

(1) The main structural form of houses is wooden frames

The main feature of ancient buildings in China is that they are built with wooden frames, which are the skeleton of houses and bear the load of roofs. There are two main forms:

1. Beam-column type: This kind of building is widely used in China, and most royal and government buildings are built according to this

. Its main features are: lime soil is compacted, and columns are erected on the pillars. The highest column in the room is called the middle column, followed by the golden column, and the shortest front and rear eaves is called the toad column. Girders are erected horizontally between the pillars, commonly known as "five-frame beams". Then, the small beams are built on it in turn, forming a triangular roof truss. The beams are connected by "melon columns", and some beams are also equipped with beams. Purlins are erected on beams between columns, and the general order from top to bottom is: ridge purlin-upper gold purlin-lower gold purlin-eaves purlin; There are purlins under purlins, which are connected by baffles, and then the purlins are put on. The advantages of this structure are that there are few or no columns in the room, which can obtain a larger space and the space is relatively flexible; The disadvantage is that the materials such as columns and beams are large and consume more wood. See fig. 2-1 for its specific structure:

2. Through-type: this building form is mainly built in southeast, south and southwest China. Its main feature is different from the way of putting beams and purlins on beams, but the height of columns is divided into equal parts and purlins are directly formed on them; In addition, the beams pass through the columns directly to make them become a whole; The purlin is the same as the beam-column type. The advantages are less materials and good overall rigidity; The disadvantage is that the indoor columns are dense and the space is not open enough. Its specific structure is shown in Figure 2-2. In addition, there is a multi-beam flat-top structure, which is mainly characterized by the emergence of a load-bearing wall with a flat top and columns, beams and purlins inside. The building mainly appears in Mongolia, Xinjiang and Tibet. Because of the little rainfall in these areas, the roof of the building is usually flat.

(2) The appearance is divided into three sections

The ancient buildings in China are mainly composed of three parts, namely, the abutment, the roof and the roof.

1. abutment: refers to the base part under the building. It is similar to the Tai Xie in Shang and Zhou Dynasties, but the material is not mainly rammed earth, but stone. It has two main functions: first, it shows the grandeur of the building; The second is to play a moisture-proof role. In feudal society, the height of the building abutment represents the level of the building itself and the class, identity and social status of its owner. There is also the Sumitomo stylobate, which evolved from the Buddha's seat and is generally used in advanced buildings, such as the main hall of palaces, altars and temples, and the bases of towers and buildings. The part of the abutment exposed above the ground is called "Tai Ming", and the structure of Tai Ming includes three parts: under-column structure, between-columns structure and abutment edge structure. The structures under the column mainly include: pier and foundation; The structure between columns is retaining soil; The structure on the column is the pillar top stone.

2. House body: This part is mainly composed of columns, panel walls, doors and windows, and there are sparrows on the top. Sparse substitution refers to the short wood at the intersection of the beam Fang and the column, which can shorten the clear span distance of the beam Fang.

3. Roof: In ancient buildings in China, the roof is an important part with various forms. While greatly enriching the overall shape of the building, the large-volume roof can also directly discharge snow and rainwater outside the base, thus effectively ensuring the moisture-proof measures of the building. Its structural form is two slopes and four slopes, supplemented by single eaves and double eaves. There are five main forms of ancient roofs in China, namely: Xian Dian, Xie Shan, Hang Shan, Hard Shan and Cuanjian.

(1) Xian Dian and Xie Shan

Xian Dian is a four-slope roof, which is the highest roof style in ancient architecture. Generally used for the most important ceremonies in palaces and temples, single eaves can be used, and double eaves can be used especially ceremoniously. The single-eaved one has the right ridge in the middle and the vertical ridge at the four corners, and the * * * five ridges, so it is also called the "Five Ridges Hall". The other lower eaves of the double eaves surround the four beat ridges of the temple body and the four corner ridges located at the corner.

Xieshan is a roof with four slopes and two slopes overlapping, and its rank is second only to Xiandian. It consists of the main ridge, four vertical ridges and four ridges, so it is called "Nine Ridges Hall". It also has the form of single eaves and double eaves. In the secondary buildings and residential gardens in the palace, there are rolling sheds without ridges to rest the mountains. In addition, the roof of Tiananmen Gate belongs to the style of double eaves and hills.

2) Hanging Mountain and Hard Mountain

Hanging Mountain is a kind of two slopes, and it is also the most common form in general buildings in China. It is characterized in that the eaves overhang the gables. Hanging mountains generally have straight ridges and vertical ridges, and there are also sheds without straight ridges. The peak of gables is often made into gables.

Hard mountain is also one of the two slopes, but the roof does not hang out of the gable. Gables are mostly masonry load-bearing walls and are higher than the roof, and the walls have various forms. This style is mostly in the south of China.

(3) hoarding tips

hoarding tips are mostly used for the roofs of buildings with small areas, such as towers, pavilions and pavilions. It is characterized by steep roof, no positive ridge, several vertical ridges intersecting at the top, and finally adding the top.

(3) Bucket is an important building structure

Bucket is a unique structural component of wooden frame buildings in China, which consists of a square bucket, a vertical bucket, a rectangular bucket, and an inclined angel, with a sitting bucket and a vertical bucket at the lower part (Figure 2-8). Its functions are as follows:

1. Pick out the load-bearing structure and transfer the large-area load of the roof to the column through the bucket

2. It has a certain decorative effect and is a transition between the roof and the facade of the building

3. It is a symbol of the feudal social hierarchy and a yardstick for important buildings.

(4) The design method of modular system based on interval.

The space between two roof trusses of ancient buildings in China is called a room, which is also the basic calculation unit of a house. When building a house, as long as the nature and number of rooms are determined, according to the specified grade and "points" of materials, a house with appropriate proportion and basically reasonable component size can be built, thus reaching the modular system, so that the construction can be organized even without drawings and the integrity of the building complex can be maintained.

(5) Courtyard layout, focusing on the integrity of buildings.

The ancient buildings in China are mostly combined into a group of buildings, ranging from palaces to houses. Its layout form is often north-south, and its square layout thought is mainly due to the geographical position of the middle reaches of the Yellow River in ancient China and the influence of Confucianism.

The layout of ancient buildings in China always takes a main longitudinal axis as the main axis. The main buildings are arranged on the main axis, while the secondary buildings are arranged on both sides in front of the main buildings, facing east and west, forming a square or rectangular courtyard. This courtyard layout not only meets the needs of living in safety and facing the sun to prevent cold, but also conforms to the patriarchal clan system and ethical code system in ancient China. This neat layout is not rigid, but arranges the multi-entrance and multi-courtyard spaces into a series of varied and personalized spaces. Like the quadrangle house in Beijing, its four courtyards are different. The first entrance is a horizontally long inverted courtyard, the second is a rectangular courtyard, the third is a square courtyard, and the fourth is a horizontally long covered courtyard. Four courtyards have different planes, with different facades of buildings. In the courtyard, flowers and trees are planted, and bonsai of rocks are placed to make the space environment fresh and lively.